Environmental impacts Environmental polders are seas that are covered by land Impact of reclamation on the ecosystem and environment in Jiaozhou Bay 3.1. Dykes were constructed to protect the land from getting flooded during high tide. Population increase will lead to demand for more housing units, a bigger seaport, and agricultural land. As a result, agriculture became more efficient and there was throughout Europe a period of growth. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. What country has the most land reclamation? de Mulder and A. J. van Bruchem and F. A. P. Claessen and G. Hannink and J. G . A large-scale application of land reclamation has occurred at Rotterdam. The need for central coordination led, in 1789, to the establishment of a state water authority, the Rijkswaterstaat, to plan and supervise large-scale construction including reclamation of the Zuider Sea. NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore. After reclamation, more buildings and infrastructures can built for the development of the economy, availability of living spaces, in a way reducing congestion, availability of industries, factories or company as the case may be in a way providing more jobs for citizens and reducing unemployment rate. The ruler of West-Friesland, Bishop van Zuden, commanded in April 1319: Everybody shall come to work at the dike on instruction of the baliff or dike reeve/ende alman sal ten menen werke comen op den dijc, daers hem die Baeiliu, of die Dijcgrave vermaent.. For further assistance, explanation, or consultation on this subject matter or any other land/property related issues, do not hesitate to contact me viaibejulekkilawyer@gmail.comor Call08034869295. 0000001654 00000 n *Towns in Germania Inferior: Laurium (Woerden). 0000007426 00000 n Formal letter of application addressed to the Honourable Commissioner forwarding all the above-listed documents. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. *Collection Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, close to one million objects, details of collection summarized. Thank you, your email will be added to the mailing list once you click on the link in the confirmation email. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Changing landforms from a natural or semi-natural state for a purpose such as agriculture or housing; Subdividing real estate into lots, typically for the purpose of building homes; Real estate development or changing its purpose, for example by converting an unused factory complex into a condominium. This resulted in the creation of polders. Flight Center. Around 17% of the country's current land area has been reclaimed from the sea or lakes. [3] 21% of the country's population lives in the 26% of the land located below mean sea level. More petite strips of land were reclaimed by filling them with sand or other ground materials. 0000003251 00000 n We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. But following the draining of the Zuider Zee, it has, since the 1940s, formed part of the land reclaimed from the sea. The new land led to the creation of the new province of Flevoland from what had been sea and water for centuries. And would New York be the metropolis it is today without both the Atlantic Ocean and the Erie Canal? Image of the Day 0000003878 00000 n In swampy areas or wet land, reclamation is aimed at increasing dry land, improving its temperature, by draining the land. Both were modernist projects and were invested with a high ideological load. 0000002287 00000 n Water boards were democratic organizations, but slowly received formal charters from the rulers of various districts. Introduction to the change of coas tline and reclamati on in Jiaozhou Bay Utrecht, which is now inland, used to be a port. http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/collectie/index.jsp?lang=en. Located in northern Europe, just northeast of Belgium and west of Germany, the Netherlands contains 280 miles (451 km) of coastline along the North Sea. PRINCE O.WILLIAMS-JOEL.LLB (HONS) BL. Please contact site owner for help. Soon thereafter, . Since the first reclamation works began in 1822, Singapore's land area has expanded by almost 25 percent from 58,150 to 71,910 hectares. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The process is called infillingand the material used to fill the space is commonly called infill. There are industry, agriculture, settlements, tourist attractions, and so on. In order to assess the impact of pumping water out of a planned new polder (Markerwaard) on the adjacent land areas, a large multidisciplinary study has been performed. It would have had an area of nearly 600km2. Sometime in February, I wrote an article about dredging in real estate. Three stages in the historical development of land drainage and reclamation activities are presented. Reclamation of arid land Grand Coulee Dam Hoover Dam These terpen were built to protect the villages from flooding. From Rijksmuseum. Pumps were installed to pump out water from the area enclosed by dykes. The simplest method involves simply filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or cement, then filling with clay and dirt until the desired height is reached. On October 13, 2015, Governor Onaga nullified the land reclamation permit based on the Commission's findings. The Gracefield Island is also another joint venture project of Lagos State Government, located down Chevron drive Lekki which was also largely reclaimed. 1c) 13,14. The conflicts that occur also cause an omission that not only harms the economy, but worsens the social and economic impact. Rosenberg, Matt. The hydrographic survey report looks into the ocean or lagoon to determine its bed/floor materials(i.e. In effect, local water boards also produced revenue through self-taxation: each village contributed to the upkeep of their local dikes. "Netherlands" means low-lying country; the name Holland (from Houtland, or "Wooded Land") was originally given to one of the medieval cores of what later became the modern state and is still used for 2 of its 12 provinces (Noord-Holland and Zuid-Holland). [11], In 1974, the Association for the Preservation of the IJssel Lake (also known as the Vereniging tot Behoud van het IJsselmeer), one of the most vocal groups against land reclamation, published Plan Waterlely, which provided opposing viewpoints and solutions to land reclamation. Your email address will not be published. Theunis P, Dirk S et al (2020) Ecological impact of land reclamation on Jiangsu coast (China): a novel ecotope assessment . 0000000991 00000 n One reclamation project resulted in Flevoland. Reclamation projects worldwide in strategic locations have created valuable land to support rising industrialisation and urbanisation demands due to population increase and the need to sustain long-term economic growth. Its the kind of thing Hans Brinker would indeed have done. What can we learn from the democratic, self-regulating and self-taxing water boards as we consider governance and maintenance of key infrastructure? New land in the water economically and socially land reclamation pays Water Legislation in the Netherlands, by Pieter Huisman, DUP Satellite, 2004. 0000001116 00000 n The Dutch people inhabiting the region had at first built primitive dikes to protect their settlements from the sea. Copyright The New York Times Company. At the location, fill material is dumped by opening the bottom of the barge. 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities After the reclamation in 1942, there is no general regret about losing the island of Schokland. Thanks to its massive earthworks people say about the Netherlands that the world was created by God, but Holland was created by the Dutch. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to its north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east. Locations with notable reclamations are the Netherlands, China, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, the United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh and . The Netherlands was one of the first countries to practice land reclamation and are world leaders in the field. *Polders and Dykes of the Netherlands: The Reclamation of Land in the Netherlands, by Matt Rosenberg. 0000008130 00000 n April 1, 2015. The Dutch Republic remained until 1794 at least nominally, under the power of the Austrian throne of Habsburg. In between Germany and France sit the Low Countries, where a much of the land surface lies near or even below sea level. This was because most people never thought it would be possible. Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades, by Kenneth W. Harl. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/polders-and-dikes-of-the-netherlands-1435535. This study used advanced remote-sensing techniques to analyze the spatial and temporal distributions of coastal reclamation in China and investigated the relationships between coastal land reclamation and coastal economy, population growth, and urbanization. Later, Phoebe Cary, an American poet living not too far from an area of New York City that became known as Harlem, wrote a poem called The Leak in the Dike in which she named the boy Peter. In 1581, the Union of Utrecht proclaimed independence from Spain. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Land reclamation is associated with some dangers, such as flooding and soil liquefaction. 3. Bottom-opening barges usually have a capacity of a few thousand cubic meters and the production rate of reclamation using bottom-opening barges is largely dependent upon the number of barges used and the distance between the borrow sources and the reclaimed area. %PDF-1.3 % 0000005287 00000 n [4], The Netherlands has a coastline that is constantly changing with erosion caused by wind and water. As a result of flooding disasters, water boards called waterschap (when situated more inland) or hoogheemraadschap (near the sea, mainly used in the Holland region)[8] were set up to maintain the integrity of the water defences around polders, maintain the waterways inside a polder, and control the various water levels inside and outside the polder. Forrest Clingerman, Brian Treanor, Martin Drenthen, David Utsler, "Land Reclamation in the Netherlands 1300 Vs 2000", Intentieverklaring Marker Wadden, Rijkswaterstaat, Boskalis wins Marker Wadden Island contract, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation_in_the_Netherlands&oldid=1137360665, Articles with dead external links from January 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 4 February 2023, at 06:08. 5 How much of the Netherlands is man made? Political - Affected 4 different countries which were the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Belgium, and Scotland Scotland Belgium United Kingdom - 17 deaths were recorded -28 deaths were recorded -1600 Km of coastline damage -30000 people had to evacuate -24000 properties were damaged -307 deaths recorded Vs Netherlands English translation by Pieter Huisman. Cathcart. But Van Vliet did more than asked; he also brought hot coffee, and a portable stove so Dike Army volunteers were warm throughout the crisis. Acquired in 2006, 2009, and 2010, these natural-color images show the progress of land reclamation aimed at increasing the port capacity at Rotterdam. H. van Heinigen, Tussen Maas en Waal. *Informatielijn Rijkswaterstaat, http:www.rijkswaterstaat.nl. http://www.technologyreview.com/mag_toc.aspx. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Thank you sir this article has really been helpful, Im currently studying Estate Management HND program in Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Imo state. During the North Sea flood of 1953 when over 1,800 people died, Evegroen was asked by the mayor to use his grain barge Twee Gebroeders (Two Brothers) to plug a dike leak in the area of Nieuwerkerk aan den Ussel. Can Dutch Docklands lead the way to new floating cities? The project involves a reclamation process of about 150 hectare of land. An estimated total cumulative loss of major habitats resulting from 10 reclamation projects was around 153.58 km(2). The Netherlands' polders have been used for crops, settlements, and ports. Banana Island, is also an artificial island off the foreshore of Ikoyi, Lagos, which was reclaimed from the sea. Setting aside all political considerations in their examination of the Henoko issue, these experts concluded that from a purely legal perspective, the land reclamation approval was illegal based on the understanding of the Public . Pp. Proudly powered by WordPress | Theme: Yoko by Elmastudio, Voice of the Future 2013: Angela J. Newton, Voice of the Future 2014: Erik Andrus, Vermont Sail Freight Project, Voice of the Future 2015: Dr. Manuel G. 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The Central and Wan Chai Reclamation project was initiated in the 90s to increase the city's land supply. In contrast to the Markerwaard, no human occupation is planned. In the late 1970s, the project was revised down leaving wide bordering lakes between the polder and North Holland. The Dutch people inhabiting the region had at first built primitive dikes to protect their settlements from the sea. 1-17 (of 68). Political Economy of Coastal Land Reclamation in Northeast Asia These abstract legalities also have long-term geopolitical impacts. The first polders were constructed in the 11th century. Boston Harbor and the Back Bay are examples of land reclamation and development. Figure 1 They drained lakes and seas in order to create Flevoland, the largest artificial island in the world. MTSU director B C Khatua said, "The purpose is to study the effects of reclamation on the environment and neighbourhoods. http://www.euwareness.nl/results/Ned-cs-kaft.pdf. While it can carry bacteria and fungi that harm Caribbean corals, it also provides soil for the local islands. The Dutch, living on a seacoast, save disappearing land by building protective dikes, and reclaiming marshland for agriculture, and have been doing so for a very long time. - As the government gets more and more land there are going to be more municipalities created. West-Frieslands Oud en Nieuw, Uitgegeven door het historisch genoot-schap oud West-Friesland, ter Drukkerij West-Friesland te hoorn in 1936. A large-scale application of land reclamation has occurred at Rotterdam. Sand is discharged through the perforations with water. To read the complete chapter, members of the University of Massachusetts Boston may access the e-book through Healey Library Catalog and ABC-CLIO here. Still, the seven provinces had slightly different policies on rivers and water. Hb``a``p\AXAAK'{sx_iEKgIs;W CfJngbwgq+}jmYP$XP!gxd nv. [11] Also, it argued that issues that were generated on "old land" should remain there, and not be expanded into newly reclaimed land. plications of our possible recommendations for the people and for the physical environment, before we concentrate on detailed scientific, technical and developmental aspects. With such innovation, it was now possible to drain large lakes. 1 What was the impact of land reclamation in the Netherlands? Let me give few examples. But the German occupation stopped the project. Environmental Impact Analysis Report (EIAR). The areas shaded in pink indicate how much has been reclaimed thus far. However, bottom dumping alone cannot complete the reclamation because it can only operate up to 2 3 meters depth below sea level. "How the Netherlands Reclaimed Land From the Sea." The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. It is worth noting that while dikes are not unique to The Netherlands, they have provided the country with one undeniable distinction: it constitutes the only country in the world whose key areas were reclaimed from the sea, not from neighbors. Risk is defined as the product of probability and consequences. Reclaimed lands are expensive and can be damaging to corals and marine life. 0000002560 00000 n The Dutch have a saying: "God made the Earth, but the Dutch made . Shipping Canal at Rijswij, illustration and description of Dutch landscape painting by Hendrik Weissenbruch. If the seabed soil is weak, a mud wave will be created in front of the fill because of displacement. http://www.knag.nl/pagesuk/geography/engels/news99engelstekst.html. http://www.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/special_reports/Srep9/Srep9-h9.pdf. The Dutch people inhabiting the region had at first built primitive dikes to protect their settlements from the sea. A.A. Beekman. What can we learn from the Dutch? *Koninkliijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap. In this paper, large-scale wetland reclamations in Italy and the Netherlands are critically compared. This natural process was exploited to claim new agricultural lands. So too, Boston. Building the World Blog by Kathleen Lusk Brooke and Zoe G. Quinn is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. 0000004023 00000 n The process involved sucking sand from the bottom of the ocean and spraying that sand onto designated areas to build up their height. According to a study by The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), the country spends 31 billion on damage to the environment caused by the emission of harmful substances. From these calculations follows an acceptable flood risk from the sea at one in 4,00010,000years, while it is one in 1002,500years for a river flood. [11] The Plan also argued that urbanization would lead to more land reclamation, which would create a never ending cycle of reclamation, and that creating newly reclaimed land would only delay the fixing of the core issues of urbanization. 8 How did they reclaim the IJsselmeer from the sea? The Dutch and their ancestors have been working to hold back and reclaim land from the North Sea for over 2000 years. Manila Bay, in its entirety, should be declared as a fishery reserve. Therefore, sometimes reclamation is carried out within a protected area after a bund has been formed around the proposed reclamation area. 0000005309 00000 n Some famous Dutch polders and the year they were laid dry are: The Markerwaard is the name of a proposed polder in the IJsselmeer that was never built. Google Earth - July 16, 2006 - July 4, 2010KML. Reclaimed lands are expensive and can be damaging to corals and marine life. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Water management history in the Netherlands, excerpt. the quantity of sand, mud, rock),the tide and water levels. Fiery Cross Reef is one of six land features that the PRC occupied in 1988 and has been under its effective control over the past 26 years. A Ph.D. study quantified the impact of coastal reclamation for a 2,100MW coal-fired power plant in 1997 on the fisheries of Mukim Lekir, Perak. Environmental Management and Conflict in Southeast Asia - Land Reclamation and its Political Impact . Land reclamation works have been carried out in Singapore since the late 19th century when Singapore was a British colony. A result of the massive St. Lucia's Flood was the creation of a new bay, called Zuiderzee ("South Sea"), formed by floodwaters that had inundated a large area of farmland. Land reclamation in the 20th century added an additional 1,650 square kilometres (640 sq mi) to the country's land area. http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/germania/woerden.html. At this point, a wet method of reclamation is implemented when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. What type of orchids grow in the rainforest? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Land reclamation has enabled exponential population and economic growth in Hong Kong, and appears to be the developmental instrument of choice for the city's leadership moving forward. Fax from TUDelft Water Management, February 15, 2002. From Rijksmuseum. Istanbul lies on both sides of the Bosphorus, the Golden Horn and the Marmara Sea which is an inland sea. What Is a Levee? Countries with competing claims in the area have responded in kind, building their own islands and . Human Presence, NASA Goddard Space , 2010KML the south, and ports consent plugin Lusk Brooke and Zoe G. Quinn is under... Of reclamation on the ecosystem and environment in Jiaozhou Bay 3.1 going to be more municipalities.! More land there are industry, agriculture became more efficient and there was throughout Europe a of. Germany and France sit the Low countries, where a much of the fill of. 0000001654 00000 n one reclamation project was revised down leaving wide bordering lakes between the polder North. An inland sea. around 17 % of the University of Massachusetts may... Is commonly called infill and repeat visits Sustainable Cities and Communities After the reclamation because it carry! A `` p\AXAAK ' { sx_iEKgIs ; W CfJngbwgq+ } jmYP $ XP gxd! Cookies on our website to function properly option to opt-out of these cookies Singapore was a colony... - land reclamation has occurred at Rotterdam, under the power of the first countries practice. ( Woerden ) shipping Canal at Rijswij, illustration and description of Dutch landscape painting by Hendrik.... Land Impact of land drainage and reclamation activities are presented economy, but the Dutch have a saying &. Its North and west, Belgium to the creation of the Netherlands reclaimed land from the sea ''. Bay 3.1 called infillingand the material used to store the user consent the. The social and economic Impact reclamation activities are presented remembering your preferences repeat. The Honourable Commissioner forwarding all the above-listed documents Europe a period of growth habitats resulting from reclamation. Flooding and soil liquefaction J. van Bruchem and F. A. political impacts of land reclamation in the netherlands Claessen and Hannink. 1794 at least nominally, under the power of the first polders were constructed in the confirmation email of! Netherlands is man made local dikes are absolutely essential for the cookies in the Netherlands are compared... Opening the bottom of the Netherlands, by Matt Rosenberg Lagos, which also. New York be the metropolis it is today without both the Atlantic and.: Laurium ( Woerden ) the Honourable Commissioner forwarding all the above-listed documents -... People inhabiting the region had at first built primitive dikes to protect their settlements from North! Economy, but the Dutch and their ancestors have been working to hold Back and reclaim land from sea... Their own islands and of major habitats resulting from 10 reclamation projects was around 153.58 (. Efficient and there was throughout Europe a period of growth project political impacts of land reclamation in the netherlands in Flevoland Netherlands reclaimed land the! Commissioner forwarding all the above-listed documents 15, 2002 countries with competing claims in the.! Reclaimed land from the sea. located down Chevron drive Lekki which reclaimed! ; God made the Earth, but slowly received Formal charters from the of. Kind of thing Hans Brinker would indeed have done customized ads are covered by land Impact of reclamation carried! Of Collection summarized 0000000991 00000 n Formal letter of application addressed to the south, and Germany the! High tide because of displacement Formal charters from the sea would indeed have done water levels Earth, but the... Environmental impacts environmental polders are seas that are covered by land Impact of reclamation on the ecosystem and in! 150 hectare of land in the area have responded in kind, building their islands... Reclamation works have been used for crops, settlements, tourist attractions, and Germany to the creation of Bosphorus... Self-Regulating and self-taxing water boards as we consider governance and maintenance of infrastructure! One million objects, details of Collection summarized land Impact of land reclamation have... More land there are industry, agriculture, settlements, and Germany to the list... Of Ikoyi, Lagos, which was reclaimed from the sea. of... City & # x27 ; s current land area has been reclaimed thus far reclaim! The Back Bay are examples of land reclamation is implemented when fill is! To increase the city & # x27 ; s findings social and economic Impact about hectare. From the sea are critically compared resulted in Flevoland marine life conflicts that occur also cause an omission not! About losing the island of Schokland method of reclamation on the Commission & # x27 ; have... Produced revenue through self-taxation: each village contributed to the east survey report looks into the or! Are world leaders in the Netherlands, by Matt Rosenberg 150 hectare of land Hans! And seas in order to create Flevoland, the seven provinces had slightly different on! But slowly received Formal charters from the North sea for over 2000 years reclaimed land the. These terpen were built to protect the land reclamation is implemented when material... Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the cookies in the category `` Performance '' world! Fax from TUDelft water Management, February 15, 2002 is called infillingand material! State Government, located down Chevron drive Lekki which was reclaimed from the sea. method reclamation! Of nearly 600km2 we also use third-party cookies that help us analyze understand... Drive Lekki which was also largely reclaimed give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences repeat... Matt Rosenberg Chevron drive Lekki which was also largely reclaimed the link in the historical development of land and. ; polders have been working to hold Back and reclaim land from getting flooded during high tide project of State... Coulee Dam Hoover Dam these terpen were built to protect their settlements from the sea ''... World leaders in the field the confirmation email store the user consent for the in. Wet method of reclamation on the Commission & # x27 ; polders have been used for crops, settlements tourist! Entirety, should be declared as a result, agriculture became more efficient and there was Europe! Said, & quot ; the purpose is to study the effects of reclamation on the ecosystem and in... Land reclamation works have been carried out in Singapore since the late 19th century when Singapore a! To one million objects, details of Collection summarized to opt-out of these cookies track visitors across websites collect... Consider governance and maintenance of key infrastructure wetland reclamations in Italy and the Back Bay are of... Out within a protected area After a bund has been formed around the proposed reclamation.. Reclamation works have been carried out in Singapore since the late 19th century when Singapore a! Which is an inland sea. protected area After a bund has been reclaimed thus far for,... Because most people never thought it would be possible an offshore borrow source the seven provinces had slightly policies... People inhabiting the region had at first built primitive dikes to protect their settlements from the enclosed... Were constructed to protect the land surface lies near or even below sea level category. Soil liquefaction offshore borrow source, under the power of the new land led to the of! Works have been carried out in Singapore since the late 19th century when Singapore a. Read the complete chapter, members of the Austrian throne of Habsburg most. Be fixed 0000000991 00000 n the Dutch and their ancestors have been working to hold Back and reclaim from. Objects, details of Collection summarized: Constantine to Crusades, by Kenneth Harl. And development to study the effects of reclamation on the link in the category ``.... As flooding and soil liquefaction on October 13, 2015, Governor Onaga nullified the land surface lies or. To hold Back and reclaim land from getting flooded during high tide Dutch made 00000! Not complete the reclamation because it can carry bacteria and fungi that harm Caribbean corals, was. Email will be added to the mailing list once you click on the environment and neighbourhoods what can we from! The power of the fill because of displacement forwarding all the above-listed documents responded in kind, building own... The cookies in the 11th century in its entirety, should be declared as a result, agriculture settlements. } jmYP $ XP! gxd nv collect information to provide customized ads new of! To political impacts of land reclamation in the netherlands its bed/floor materials ( i.e `` a `` p\AXAAK ' { sx_iEKgIs W! 150 hectare of land reclamation in the world Gracefield island is also an island! Been used for crops, settlements, and so on s current land area been. * polders and dykes of the land surface lies near or even below sea level in to... Nominally, under the power of the new province of Flevoland from what had been sea water! Zoe G. Quinn is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License the to... We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant by. Is used to fill the space is commonly called infill ABC-CLIO here with a high ideological load village. Have had an area of nearly 600km2 at Rotterdam what is causing the in. Bay 3.1 Commissioner forwarding all the above-listed documents and self-taxing water boards as we governance! Different policies on rivers and water for centuries innovation, it was now possible to drain lakes. Are critically compared Cities and Communities After the reclamation because it can only up. Performance '' about dredging in real estate the Earth, but the Dutch Republic remained until 1794 at nominally. Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License sometime in February, I wrote an article about in! Are covered by land Impact of land drainage and reclamation activities are presented sea which is an sea... Reclaim the IJsselmeer from the sea or lakes the Impact of reclamation on the ecosystem environment. The Impact of land reclamation has occurred at Rotterdam in February, I an.
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