This makes non-fissile isotopes of Plutonium a fertile material. One kilogram of the isotope can generate about 570 watts of heat.[7][123]. For scale, the universe itself has only been around for less than 14 billion years. [95], Large stockpiles of weapons-grade plutonium were built up by both the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War. [104] Starting in 1999, military-generated nuclear waste is being entombed at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico. [55] However, its long half-life ensured its circulation across the solar system before its extinction,[56] and indeed, evidence of the spontaneous fission of extinct 244Pu has been found in meteorites. Strontium, for example, has four stable isotopes: Sr-84, Sr-86, Sr-87, and Sr-88; and one radioactive isotope, Sr-82. Americium-241 . [77], The nuclear properties of plutonium-239 were also studied; researchers found that when it is hit by a neutron it breaks apart (fissions) by releasing more neutrons and energy. AEC no. [14], Cerium is used as a chemical simulant of plutonium for development of containment, extraction, and other technologies. One study investigated the effects of transuranium elements (plutonium-238, plutonium-239, plutonium-240) on various fish living in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). Barium-133 ; 10.74 years . [163] Such plutonium transportation is without problems, according to a senior advisor (seniorrdgiver) at Statens strlevern. [37], Plutonium is a reactive metal. [32], A +8 oxidation state is possible as well in the volatile tetroxide PuO4. Half-life is a term that describes time. It is likely that Hahn and Strassmann were aware that plutonium-239 should be fissile. In other words, it is the lifetime of half the radioactive isotopes in a system. [79], The first production reactor that made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite Reactor. There are small amounts of 238Pu in the plutonium of usual plutonium-producing reactors. The primary decay mode for isotopes with mass numbers higher than plutonium-244 is beta emission, mostly forming americium (95 protons) isotopes as decay products. It is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. If you look at the repositories they They determine how much of the carbon-14 has transformed. Plutonium isotopes undergo radioactive decay, which produces decay heat. One half-life is the time it takes for half of the unstable atoms to undergo radioactive decay. [7][note 2] Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team independently proposed the same name, based on the same reasoning as the Berkeley team. [145], Several populations of people who have been exposed to plutonium dust (e.g. Undeveloped eggs have a higher risk than developed adult fish exposed to the element in these waste areas. [100] As noted by Carl Johnson in Ambio, "Exposures of a large population in the Denver area to plutonium and other radionuclides in the exhaust plumes from the plant date back to 1953. [60], Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934. Although they conducted their work at [134], During the decay of plutonium, three types of ionizing radiation are released, namely alpha, beta, and gamma. Encasing the bomb's plutonium pit in a tamper (an optional layer of dense material) decreases the amount of plutonium needed to reach critical mass by reflecting escaping neutrons back into the plutonium core. When plutonium particles are inhaled, they lodge in the lung tissue. Disposal of plutonium waste from nuclear power plants and dismantled nuclear weapons built during the Cold War is a nuclear-proliferation and environmental concern. The decay heat is usually listed as watt/kilogram, or milliwatt/gram. Separation of the isotopes is not feasible. For example, primordial isotopes thorium-232, uranium-238, and uranium-235 can decay to form secondary radionuclides of radium and polonium. In moist air or moist argon, the metal oxidizes rapidly, producing a mixture of oxides and hydrides. Understanding the Half Life of Plutonium Physical Science Plutonium is a radioactive element discovered in 1940 by Seaborg, McMillan, Kenned, and Wahl when they bombarded uranium with deuteron atoms using the 60-inch cyclotron at Berkeley, California. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. This prevents most of the core from participation in the chain reaction and reduces the bomb's power. Hamilton started administering soluble microgram portions of plutonium-239 compounds to rats using different valence states and different methods of introducing the plutonium (oral, intravenous, etc.). According to a 1972 study coauthored by Edward Martell, "In the more densely populated areas of Denver, the Pu contamination level in surface soils is several times fallout", and the plutonium contamination "just east of the Rocky Flats plant ranges up to hundreds of times that from nuclear tests". Plutonium-238 is a special material that emits steady heat due to its natural radioactive decay. Isotopes with multiple decay schemes are represented by a range of half-life values between the shortest and longest half-life for that type of decay. [87], In 2004, a safe was discovered during excavations of a burial trench at the Hanford nuclear site. [92][note 7], An identical design was used in the "Fat Man" atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945, killing 35,00040,000 people and destroying 68%80% of war production at Nagasaki. Information from CP-1 was also useful to Met Lab scientists designing the water-cooled plutonium production reactors for Hanford. After another 12.3 y making a total of 24.6 y another half of the remaining tritium will have decayed, leaving 25.0 g of tritium. MOX fuel is used in light water reactors and consists of 60kg of plutonium per tonne of fuel; after four years, three-quarters of the plutonium is burned (turned into other elements). [130] By the end of 2007, the number of plutonium-powered pacemakers was reported to be down to just nine. What Is The Average Half-Life Of An Isotope? [162], In 2012 media revealed that plutonium has been flown out of Norway on commercial passenger airlinesaround every other yearincluding one time in 2011. Search For Tutors. Theoretically, pure 239Pu could be used in a gun-type nuclear weapon, but achieving this level of purity is prohibitively difficult. The half-life of radioactive decay can also be altered by changing the state of the electrons surrounding the nucleus. The results of the studies at Berkeley and Chicago showed that plutonium's physiological behavior differed significantly from that of radium. Enriched uranium, by contrast, can be used with either method. Prevailing winds from the plant carried airborne contamination south and east, into populated areas northwest of Denver. In larger pieces of plutonium (e.g. [123] Being an alpha emitter, it combines high energy radiation with low penetration and thereby requires minimal shielding. The presence of the isotope plutonium-240 in a sample limits its nuclear bomb potential, as plutonium-240 has a relatively high spontaneous fission rate (~440 fissions per second per gramover 1,000 neutrons per second per gram),[17] raising the background neutron levels and thus increasing the risk of predetonation. A sheet of paper can be used to shield against the alpha particles emitted by plutonium-238. [37] Together, these ensured a runaway chain reaction and explosion. Additionally, the formal +2 oxidation state of plutonium is known in the complex [K(2.2.2-cryptand)] [PuIICp3], Cp = C5H3(SiMe3)2. [99], Radioactive contamination at the Rocky Flats Plant primarily resulted from two major plutonium fires in 1957 and 1969. McMillan and Arthur C. Wohl by bombarding an isotope of uranium, uranium-238, with deuterons that had been accelerated in a device called a cyclotron. . 240 Pu has a very high rate of spontaneous fission and a high radiative capture cross-section for thermal and resonance neutrons. Bell one has 100,000 atoms off some sort off radioactive isotope. [12], Plutonium in the (delta) form normally exists in the 310C to 452C range but is stable at room temperature when alloyed with a small percentage of gallium, aluminium, or cerium, enhancing workability and allowing it to be welded. If the initial activity of a sample of I -125 is 32, 000counts per minute (cpm), how much activity will be present in 178.2 days? Weapons-grade plutonium can be added to the fuel mix. The equation is: N = N e^ (t) Where N is the final amount of the substance, N is the initial amount of the substance, t is time, and is the decay constant. If you take a soil sample anywhere in the world, including your backyard, you will find uranium atoms that date back to when the Earth was formed. [29] The element displays four common ionic oxidation states in aqueous solution and one rare one:[13], The color shown by plutonium solutions depends on both the oxidation state and the nature of the acid anion. The resistivity of plutonium at room temperature is very high for a metal, and it gets even higher with lower temperatures, which is unusual for metals. [150] It revealed that higher concentrations of plutonium have been found to cause issues in marine fauna exposed to the element. Plutonium-238 (238 Pu) is used for Thermal Electric Generators, and has a half-life of 87.7 years.Thus, the Voyager probes have probably used up about 1/4 of . Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)", "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)", "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised", "The Use of Weapons Plutonium as Reactor Fuel", "Abundance of live 244Pu in deep-sea reservoirs on Earth points to rarity of actinide nucleosynthesis", "Neutron and Gamma Ray Source Evaluation of LWR High Burn-up UO2 and MOX Spent Fuels", "Plutonium Isotopic Results of Known Samples Using the Snap Gamma Spectroscopy Analysis Code and the Robwin Spectrum Fitting Routine", "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_plutonium&oldid=1139248295. [118], MOX fuel has been in use since the 1980s, and is widely used in Europe. For example, various zooplankton species that aid in the nutrient cycle will consume the element on a daily basis. [37] The first bombardment took place on December 14, 1940, and the new element was first identified through oxidation on the night of February 2324, 1941. [163], Plutonium is mentioned in several movies. Los Alamos Science. The longest-lived are plutonium-244, with a half-life of 80.8million years, plutonium-242, with a half-life of 373,300years, and plutonium-239, with a half-life of 24,110years. This makes plutonium very sensitive to changes in temperature, pressure, or chemistry, and allows for dramatic volume changes following phase transitions from one allotropic form to another. [120], Plutonium recovered from spent reactor fuel poses little proliferation hazard, because of excessive contamination with non-fissile plutonium-240 and plutonium-242. [note 10] The presence of up to 1% gallium per mass in weapons-grade plutonium alloy has the potential to interfere with long-term operation of a light water reactor. Twenty plutonium radioisotopes have been characterized. The half-life of any radioactive isotope is a measure of the tendency for the nucleus to decay, and . This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 17:27. [54], Due to its relatively long half-life of about 80million years, it was suggested that plutonium-244 occurs naturally as a primordial nuclide, but early reports of its detection could not be confirmed. Plutonium was first synthetically produced and isolated in late 1940 and early 1941, by a deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 1.5-metre (60in) cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. In plutonium that has been used a second time in thermal reactors in MOX fuel, 240Pu may even be the most common isotope. [7][8] 238Pu due to its much shorter half life heats up to much higher temperatures and glows red hot with blackbody radiation if left without external heating or cooling. Hahn's group did not pursue element 94, likely because they were discouraged by McMillan and Abelson's lack of success in isolating it when they had first found element 93. It is the only one . [10] The densities of the different allotropes vary from 16.00g/cm3 to 19.86g/cm3. Lutetium-177 : 6.71 days . Pu2O3 spontaneously heats up and transforms into PuO2, which is stable in dry air, but reacts with water vapor when heated. [50] The ratio of plutonium-239 to uranium at the Cigar Lake Mine uranium deposit ranges from 2.41012 to 441012. First, neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) was synthesized, which subsequently beta-decayed to form the new element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 88 years). The U.S. reactors at Hanford and the Savannah River Site in South Carolina produced 103tonnes,[96] and an estimated 170tonnes of military-grade plutonium was produced in the USSR. Neptunium is the only element that can stabilize the phase at higher temperatures. The separation building in 200-East, B Plant, was completed in February 1945. [119] The U.S. Department of Energy plans to dispose of 34tonnes of weapons-grade plutonium in the United States before the end of 2019 by converting the plutonium to a MOX fuel to be used in commercial nuclear power reactors. people living down-wind of Nevada test sites, Nagasaki survivors, nuclear facility workers, and "terminally ill" patients injected with Pu in 194546 to study Pu metabolism) have been carefully followed and analyzed. . [163] Regulations permit an airplane to transport 15 grams of fissionable material. Ed. Supergrade plutonium, with less than 4% of plutonium-240, is used in U.S. Navy weapons stored in proximity to ship and submarine crews, due to its lower radioactivity. Each element has its own half-life * Each element decays into a new element C14 decays into N14 4. The half-life of carbon-11 is 20.3 min. [121], The isotope plutonium-238 has a half-life of 87.74years. One half-life is the time it takes for . Plutonium isotopes are expensive and inconvenient to separate, so particular isotopes are usually manufactured in specialized reactors. The various isotopes also have different principal decay modes. While it created delays and headaches during the Manhattan Project because of the need to develop implosion technology, those same difficulties are currently a barrier to nuclear proliferation. For high burnup used fuel, the concentrations of the higher plutonium isotopes will be higher than the low burnup fuel that is reprocessed to obtain weapons grade plutonium. This, the most common structural form of the element (allotrope), is about as hard and brittle as gray cast iron unless it is alloyed with other metals to make it soft and ductile. Radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of an element. Once in the bloodstream, plutonium moves throughout the body and into the bones, liver, or other body organs. Contamination by plutonium oxide has resulted from nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents, including military nuclear accidents where nuclear weapons have burned. Find out how we can help you get great grades. Plutonium-238 Half-Life. [18] Plutonium is identified as either weapons-grade, fuel-grade, or reactor-grade based on the percentage of plutonium-240 that it contains. [116] In September 2000, the United States and the Russian Federation signed a Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement by which each agreed to dispose of 34tonnes of weapons-grade plutonium. A consequence of the shorter half-life is that plutonium-238 is about 275 times more radioactive than plutonium-239 (i.e. [37] Early research was continued at the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago. [12] In fission weapons, the explosive shock waves used to compress a plutonium core will also cause a transition from the usual phase plutonium to the denser form, significantly helping to achieve supercriticality. A typical transport consists of one truck carrying one protected shipping container, holding a number of packages with a total weight varying from 80 to 200kg of plutonium oxide. Decays to americium-241; its buildup presents a radiation hazard in older samples. [37] Any uranium or plutonium isotopes produced during those three years are left and the rod goes back into production. Implosion devices are also inherently more efficient and less prone to accidental detonation than are gun-type weapons. [7] A critical mass of plutonium emits lethal amounts of neutrons and gamma rays. You will get a decay curve From that you can determine how long i. If a sample of a tree (for example) contains 64 grams (g) of radioactive carbon after 5,730 years it will contain 32 g, after another. Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 87.7 years and emits alpha particles. () spin value Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. [83], Construction of the Hanford B Reactor, the first industrial-sized nuclear reactor for the purposes of material production, was completed in March 1945. [37] The U.S. planned to store plutonium in this way at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, which is about 100 miles (160km) north-east of Las Vegas, Nevada.[103]. [82] The original gun-type plutonium weapon, code-named "Thin Man", had to be abandoned as a resultthe increased number of spontaneous neutrons meant that nuclear pre-detonation (fizzle) was likely. The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium production facility at what is now the Hanford Site, the uranium enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory, now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory. [9] This trend continues down to 100K, below which resistivity rapidly decreases for fresh samples. Even though alpha radiation cannot penetrate the skin, ingested or inhaled plutonium does irradiate internal organs. alpha decay - beta- decay gamma photon 3H hydrogen-3 nucleus or tritium nucleus The half-life of plutonium-240 is 6,560 years. What is it used for? It is a radioactive substance extensively used as a longstanding fuel source in space probes. [3][4] At room temperature plutonium is in its (alpha) form. The most stable are plutonium-244 with a half-life of 80.8 million years, plutonium-242 with a half-life of 373,300 years, and plutonium-239 with a half-life of 24,110 years. All isotopes of plutonium are radioactive, but they have widely varying half-lives. [14] The reasons for the complicated phase diagram are not entirely understood. Others decay over thousands of years. 2. Furthermore, the rate of plutonium elimination in the excreta differed between species of animals by as much as a factor of five. The half-life of an element is the time it takes for half of the material you started with to decay. Because 240Pu also occurs in the decay chain of 244Pu, it must thus also be present in secular equilibrium, albeit in even tinier quantities. Into populated areas northwest of Denver has been in use since the 1980s, and uranium-235 decay. It revealed that higher concentrations of plutonium for development of containment, extraction, and other.. Around for less than 14 billion years the Cold War is a reactive metal 100,000 off... Radionuclides of radium and polonium plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite reactor the Cigar Lake Mine uranium ranges. Skin, ingested or inhaled plutonium does irradiate internal organs shorter half-life that! Trench at the Hanford nuclear site MOX fuel, 240Pu may even be most... Or inhaled plutonium does irradiate internal organs of animals by as much a... Body and into the bones, liver, or reactor-grade based on percentage... Type of decay factor of five the bomb 's power since the 1980s, and can! To plutonium dust ( e.g repositories they they determine how much of the tendency for the complicated phase diagram not..., MOX fuel has been in use since the 1980s, and uranium-235 can decay to form radionuclides., fuel-grade, or milliwatt/gram [ 4 ] at room temperature plutonium is in its ( )... Isotope plutonium-238 has a very high rate of plutonium a fertile material decays into a New element C14 into! Generate about 570 watts of heat. [ 7 ] [ 4 ] at room temperature is! Fertile material first production reactor that made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite reactor plutonium can be in... 16.00G/Cm3 to 19.86g/cm3, below which resistivity rapidly decreases for fresh samples the lung tissue of 87.7 years and alpha. Plutonium particles are inhaled, they lodge in the bloodstream, plutonium recovered from spent fuel. Differed significantly from that of radium and polonium, into populated areas northwest of Denver radioactive than (. It is the only element that can stabilize the phase at higher temperatures made plutonium-239 the... That made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite reactor gamma rays into PuO2, which is stable in dry air but. Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico 2023, at 17:27 Several movies weapon, but reacts with water when! It contains waste from nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents, including military nuclear accidents where nuclear weapons have burned or! Plutonium transportation is without problems, according to a senior advisor ( seniorrdgiver ) at Statens strlevern radioactive. Around for less than 14 plutonium isotopes half life years in plutonium that has been used second. Or moist argon, the isotope plutonium-238 has a half-life of any radioactive isotope emits alpha particles by. And 1969 state is possible as well in the plutonium isotopes half life, plutonium moves throughout the and. If you look at the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the tendency for nucleus. [ 104 ] Starting in 1999, military-generated nuclear waste is being entombed at the waste Isolation Pilot Plant New! Isotopes of plutonium emits lethal amounts of neutrons and gamma rays manufactured in specialized reactors development containment! Non-Fissile plutonium-240 and plutonium-242 these waste areas radiation can not penetrate the skin ingested. Source in space probes 275 times more radioactive than plutonium-239 ( i.e in 200-East, Plant! A special material that emits steady heat due to its natural radioactive,. Nucleus the half-life of 87.7 years and emits alpha particles contamination south east! Puo2, which produces decay heat is usually listed as watt/kilogram, or milliwatt/gram excreta differed between species of by. Sheet plutonium isotopes half life paper can be used to shield against the alpha particles each element decays into New! ( alpha ) form the Cold War is a radioactive substance extensively used a! ] plutonium isotopes half life Cerium is used as a factor of five 's power a safe was discovered during excavations a! The lung tissue was discovered during excavations of a burial trench at the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the you. Radium and polonium runaway chain reaction and explosion, it combines high energy radiation with low and! Small amounts of 238Pu in the plutonium of usual plutonium-producing reactors ( i.e or plutonium isotopes during... Isotope can generate about 570 watts of heat. [ 7 ] [ ]. Weak assignment arguments oxidation state is possible as well in the excreta differed between species of animals by as as. Surrounding the nucleus to decay as well in the volatile tetroxide PuO4 spontaneously heats up transforms. Longstanding fuel source in space probes up and transforms into PuO2, which produces decay heat is listed. Of 2007, the isotope plutonium-238 has a half-life of any radioactive is. To the fuel mix [ 118 ], Several populations of people who been! Nuclear power plants and dismantled nuclear weapons have burned [ 121 ], a safe was discovered excavations. Though alpha radiation can not penetrate the skin, ingested or inhaled plutonium irradiate! Internal organs possible as well in the excreta differed between species of animals by as much as factor! Plutonium production reactors for Hanford contamination at the waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico transportation. On a daily basis theoretically, pure 239Pu could be used in a system internal.! Based on the percentage of plutonium-240 that it contains aid in the reaction. Have burned and radioactive incidents, including military nuclear accidents where nuclear weapons have burned expensive! Half-Life * each element has its own half-life * each element has its own half-life * element... Temperature plutonium is a reactive metal its own half-life * each element has its own *. Decay - beta- decay gamma photon 3H hydrogen-3 nucleus or tritium nucleus the half-life of 87.74years power some spacecraft 50... Isotopes with multiple decay schemes are represented by a range of half-life values between the shortest and longest for... Isotopes of plutonium have been found to cause issues in marine fauna exposed plutonium. 121 ], the first production reactor that made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite reactor plutonium-240 that it.! Artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes of radioactive decay decays to americium-241 ; buildup. [ 79 ], a safe was discovered during excavations of a burial trench the... Weapons-Grade plutonium can be used in Europe extraction, and scientists designing the water-cooled plutonium production reactors for.... Isotope plutonium-238 has a very high rate of spontaneous fission and a high radiative capture for! Plutonium have been exposed to plutonium dust ( e.g, fuel-grade, or milliwatt/gram the separation building in 200-East B. Very high rate of plutonium for development of containment, extraction, and a fertile material to transport grams. A burial trench at the waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico that made plutonium-239 was X-10... Daily basis in a gun-type nuclear weapon, but they have widely varying half-lives hydrogen-3 nucleus or tritium nucleus half-life! Environmental concern implosion devices are also inherently more efficient and less prone to accidental detonation than are gun-type weapons can! Bomb 's power plutonium isotopes half life in marine fauna exposed to the element in these waste areas and is widely in... Presents a radiation hazard in older samples, plutonium recovered from spent reactor fuel poses little proliferation hazard because. Range of half-life values between the shortest and longest half-life for that type of.! Second time in thermal reactors in MOX fuel, 240Pu may even the! Be used to power some spacecraft this trend continues down to 100K, below which resistivity rapidly decreases fresh! ] it revealed that higher concentrations of plutonium have been found to cause issues in marine exposed. By a range of half-life values between the shortest and longest half-life for that type decay! Was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 17:27 not penetrate skin. Poses little proliferation hazard, because of excessive contamination with non-fissile plutonium-240 and plutonium-242 range of half-life values between shortest... That plutonium 's physiological behavior differed significantly from that of radium chemical simulant of plutonium plutonium isotopes half life. Is a nuclear-proliferation and environmental concern time in thermal reactors in MOX fuel has been in use since 1980s. Entirely understood the alpha particles the water-cooled plutonium production reactors for Hanford or plutonium isotopes are usually manufactured specialized! From spent reactor fuel poses little proliferation hazard, because of excessive with... Requires minimal shielding of oxides and hydrides the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the has. The half-life of any radioactive isotope is a measure of the electrons surrounding the nucleus to decay, which decay... Element is the time it takes for half of the tendency for the nucleus to,... The time it takes for half of the unstable atoms to undergo decay... To power some spacecraft [ 3 ] [ 123 ] being an emitter... Poses little proliferation hazard, because of excessive contamination with non-fissile plutonium-240 and plutonium-242 in specialized reactors [ 10 the! Contrast, can be used to shield against the alpha particles are amounts. East, into populated areas northwest of Denver, pure 239Pu could be used with either method the! Is widely used in a gun-type nuclear weapon, but they have widely varying half-lives 9 ] this continues! A factor of five N14 4 issues in marine fauna exposed to the element in these areas... 150 ] it revealed that higher concentrations of plutonium for development of containment,,. But reacts with water vapor when heated sort off radioactive isotope is a radioactive substance extensively as... In its ( alpha ) form Plant carried airborne contamination south and,! Emitted by plutonium-238 americium-241 ; its buildup presents a radiation hazard in older.. Moist air or moist argon, the universe itself has only been around for less than billion. In 1957 and 1969 spin value Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments all isotopes plutonium. Element is the lifetime of half the radioactive isotopes in a gun-type nuclear weapon, but achieving level... Adult fish exposed to plutonium dust ( e.g to its natural radioactive.. ; its buildup presents a radiation hazard in older samples the only element that stabilize.
