stony the road sparknotes

Those Black intellectual points of view were also enlightening. Du Bois and Ida B. . The Plainest Demands of Justice: Documents for Dialogue on the African American Experience, The Struggle Continues: Stony the Road (1896-1941), Graphic Organizer, Primary Sources in Lesson 4, Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness, John Hope, We Are Struggling for Equality, 1896, W. E. B. From National Book Foundation 5 Under 35 Honoree, a debut novel set in 1950s Alaska about two unlikely homesteaders. Fairfield; 06804; 118 Stony Hill Road; 118 Stony Hill Road. Have students complete the Introductory Essay and accompanying questions. A cursory glance of former white friends' social media posts reveals the "slack-tivism" (not my word, but fitting, nonetheless) that is so prevalent. This dynamic consisted of the leaders of the movement looking down dismissively on working class blacks, which continues in a different form in the present day. Article Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow is a 2019 non-fiction book written by Henry Louis Gates Jr. covering African-American history during the Reconstruction era, Redemption era, and the New Negro Movement. He does a great job of outlining the form redemption took in trying to dehumanize the perceptions of black people as a way to justify rolling back the rights of reconstruction, and the many forms African American resistance took to this process during a period recognized as the nadir of racial equality in America. With a main text of about 250 pages, Gates offers a compressed, yet surprisingly comprehensive narrative sweep: Along with the usual catalogue of political sins, he adds an overview of the lesser-known stories of how our best universities, such as Columbia and Harvard, allowed two pseudo-disciplines scientific racism and eugenics to create a false dogma of black misrule and white suffering at the center of the Reconstruction narrative. $15 for 3 months. After reading Chernows biography of Grant, it made me really consider how very different race relations would be in the US if Lincoln had not been asassinated. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. There was nothing. 161 0 obj <>stream You'll also receive an email with the link. It was so despicable. Property Summary for 234 Stony Mountain Road. Sing a song full of the faith that the dark past has taught us, Sing a song full of the hope that the present has brought us; Facing the rising sun of our new day . I have read several books on Reconstruction, including Eric Foner's much hailed, Reconstruction. Du Bois, to Mitchell's The Birth of a Nation, the reader is informed on all levels about race in America. None, Gates asserts with a sense of certainty that is a signature of his rhetoric. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. This particular edition is in a Hardcover format. A fresh, much-needed inquiry into a misunderstood yet urgently relevant era." Hard to find, updated 5-bedroom, 3 bath home with plenty of space to explore. Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk, 1903, W.E.B. Assign students one or more documents contained in this primary source set and have them create a brief report or presentation on the context of the document, including the time and place it was created, the author and the audience, and important phrases and arguments from the full text. Du Bois and Ida B. Dr. Alridge is the author of "The Educational Thought of W.E.B. Stony the Road, by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow. "Looking back roughly two years after Donald J. Trump's election," Gates writes, "the idea that one black person's occupancy of the White House and a presidency as successful as his could have augured the end of race and racism seems both nave and ahistorical.". I also thought the examination of the concept of the New Negro as a response to those portrayals was interesting. Nearby homes similar to 2921 Stony Point Rd have recently sold between $216K to $520K at an average of $205 per square foot. Stony the Road is a spiritual successor to Eric Foner's Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution - 1863-1877. Harvard professor Henry Louis Gates Jr. felt the first stirrings of what would become his latest book, Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow during his 1969-1970 sophomore year at Yale. Only when one when comes to terms with the emergence of and magnitude of racially grounded stereotyping of African-Americans from the end of Reconstruction to the civil rights breakthroughs in the 1960's can one fully grasp how great is the blot this era on the purported values and principles of the republic. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! How did Zora Neale Hurston, noted African-American writer during the Harlem Renaissance, contribute to understanding the Black experience in America? Changes happen in the letter of the law of things, but in spirit they do not. Nearby Recently Sold Homes. African American biblical scholarship is steadily becoming a fully grown tree near the dense forest of Eurocentric biblical exegesis and interpretation. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Gates' analysis is predictably brilliant, but he's also just a joy to read. Henry Louis Gates Jr. Summary. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Gatess book covers territory well known to scholars and Civil War buffs: how our received wisdom of the tragic decade of Reconstruction flows from two polluted streams, the myth of the Lost Cause and the Jim Crow segregation mania that swept American legislatures and popular entertainment after 1900. "Stony the Road" is a mild reference to what White Supremacy's evil has and continues to inflict. Subscribe now. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Rishi Sunak is facing Sir Keir Starmer at Prime Minister's Questions after securing a new deal with the EU over Northern Ireland. Despite Stan's strange bug sting, Sal . for a customized plan. Secrets, shame, and adoption in the 1960sa poignant tale of a mother's enduring love. The truck breaks down and one of the bad men finds them in the woods. The visual essays were very depressing to see as a black person, especially the third essay. Herspiegel Consulting is a management consulting firm focusing on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. The Seawolves are trying to finish strong, while the Cougars will need help to get the first seed in the CAA Tournament. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Free trial is available to new customers only. Off Market. Only a few decades ago white Bible scholars, who held exclusive prerogatives as the academic elite, would have found it unthinkable that African Americans could be bona fide Bible scholars. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Also, some insight to how they marketed racism and white supremacy. Book Summary: The title of this book is Stony the Road and it was written by Gates Jr., Henry Louis. As literary scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. puts it in his brilliant new book, Stony the Road, Redemption was "when the gains of Reconstruction were systematically erased and the country witnessed the rise of a white supremacist ideology that, we might say, went rogue, an ideology that would long outlast the circumstances of its origin.". In tracing the emergence of the New Negro, Gates notes that Booker T. Washington was named the very first new Negro by the white press. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 I sit in meetings for work with white colleagues and have conversations that revolve around any and everything (their pets, impending travels, what they're reading, etc.) . summary. And so, I read, yet another book on the history and, arguably, the present state of the United States and am left to sit in that aforementioned feeling of exhaustion. This isnt really the kind if book that one likes, so I dont know exactly what to say about it. Suggested figures (Note that this list is illustrative but not exhaustive): Writers: Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Musicians: Louis Armstrong, Eubie Blake, Duke Ellington, Visual artists: Aaron Douglass, Jacob Lawrence, James Van Der Zee. MLS # 73082417 Last Updated on June 30, 2022, by eNotes Editorial. No people, in all of human history, has ever been liberated by the creation of art. An award-winning filmmaker, literary scholar, journalist, cultural critic, and institution builder, Professor Gates has authored or coauthored twenty-four books and created twenty documentary films, including Finding Your Roots and Reconstruction: America after the Civil War. They saw themselves as members of the black upper class, Gates writes, a cosmopolitan mobile elite that could be integrated into American society, even if the slow-moving black masses (as the head of the Urban League Charles S. Johnson would actually call them) could not.. The 10 digit ISBN is 0525559531 and the 13 digit ISBN is 9780525559535. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. He also handily dispenses with the myth that the fight against American racism ended with the election of President Barack Obama, which, absurd as it sounds, some people still somehow believe. Note that students may place a document in more than one category. His book covers the eras of Reconstruction, Redemption, and the New Negro Movement. A gut-punch of a novel about a Cherokee child removed from her family and sent to a Christian boarding school in the 1950s. The bad man grabs the boy, and the boy's father shoots the man in the head and both escape into the woods. Available Don't forget this coincides with his new PBS documentary series, "Reconstruction: America after the Civil War.". hbbd```b``+@$,V Du Bois. Confronting Jim Crow in the 'Lone Star' capital: the contrasting strategies of African-American and ethnic-Mexican political leaders in Austin, Texas, 1910-1930. Gates is one of the pre-eminent scholars in African American studies so it's no surprise that the scholarship in this volume is thorough and compelling. But the century in between remains a mystery: if emancipation sparked "a new birth of freedom" in Lincoln's America, why was it necessary to march in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s America? For Sale: 2 beds, 2 baths 1536 sq. Dominic Hoffman's narration was great. BRIs Comprehensive US History digital textbook, BRIs primary-source civics and government resource, BRIs character education narrative-based resource. d0 A provocative, lucid, and urgent contribution to the study of race in America." An essential tour through one of America's fundamental historical tragedies, Stony the Road is also a story of heroic resistance, as figures such as W. E. B. SparkNotes PLUS The latters scholarship in combination with the Harlem Renaissance saw the emergence of a newer New Negro and vigorous pursuit of the rights of equal treatment first promised by the Reconstruction Congress that passed the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments. .a problem already solved. His new book is Stony the Road. Note that some of the primary sources in this lesson use terms that would be considered offensive or derogatory today. How should students today and in the future learn about this event? In this new book, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., one of our leading chroniclers of the African-American experience, seeks to answer that question in a history that moves from the Reconstruction Era to the "nadir" of the African-American experience under Jim Crow, through to World War I and the Harlem Renaissance. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. He surveys an era full of pain and loss but also human persistence and astonishing cultural renewal in African American life.this is a work that shows that good history can also rise up as a redemption song when we know the facts of what happened and why and how people endure, thrive and create their own new worlds." Overview Price History Property Analysis Neighborhood Sales History Similar Homes . Summary "A profound new rendering of the struggle by African Americans for equality after the Civil War and the violent counterrevolution that resubjugated them, as seen through the prism of the war of images and ideas that have left an enduring stain on the American mind. What can critical biblical studies learn from the African American experience with the Bible, and vice versa? Ask students to connect this song to the Founding principles. The 2,600 sq. He adroitly discusses the several major players in the ongoing attempts to obtain justice and the period many have called the "Redemption" (the movement to destroy "Reconstruction") after the civil war. - Rep. John Lewis. How did his ideas about the "Talented Tenth and Black education promote equality and justice? %%EOF Stony the Road, written by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. ABOUT THIS BOOK . Fascinating snipets of life and events for Blacks during the Reconstruction and Jim Crow. House in Brookfield. Linda Nicholson. It is too . Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. tells the story of the rise of white supremacy after the Civil War and Black Americas response to it. See a complete list of the characters in The Road and in-depth analyses of the man, the boy, and Ely. Not far out of Denver, Stan got stung by a strange bug and his arm swelled up, so the group had to stop and get penicillin from a hospital. White supremacists during this time wanted power taken away from Black Americans and began to do so by first demeaning them through racial science, journalism, political rhetoric, and finally fiction and folklore. Listing by Howard Hanna WNY Inc, (716) 932-5300. In this episode of our Scholar Talk series "Black Intellectuals and the African American Experience," BRI Senior Teaching Fellow Tony Williams is joined by Patricia Brown, professor of English at Azusa Pacific University, to discuss Hurston's unique examination and celebration of Black expression, creativity, and resiliency. I had heard of the movement prior to reading this book but was not intimately familiar with it. Then they walked out to the road and he took the boy's hand and they went to the top of the hill where the road crested and where they could see out over the darkening country to the south, standing there in the wind, wrapped in their blankets, watching for any sign of a fire or a lamp. My final thoughts on Stony the Road have to do with D. W. Griffith's 1915 silent film, . From black triumph to racial hysteria to the new Negro, Donal Ryans The Queen of Dirt Island is a little Irish miracle. Go to BN.com to get your copy of these helpful resources. 320 pages If this happens, encourage them to explain their reasoning to generate discussion. But as Falkner says, "The past is never dead. They practiced other forms of pseudoscience where they compared the skulls of white, black, and monkey skeletons to falsely make the point that black people were inferior. An essential tour through one of America's fundamental historical tragedies, Stony the Road is also a story of heroic resistance, as figures such as W. E. B. Henry Louis Gates Jr. is a Professor of African and African-American Studies at Harvard University and Director of the W. E. B. But even more despicable was the unfettered, brutality and violence. A hallmark of American black religion is its distinctive use of the Bible in creating community, resisting oppression, and fomenting social change. It contains a myriad of the "cartoons" and advertising to reinforce the negative image portrayed. Read the lyrics before listening to the song. Wells fought to create a counter-narrative, and culture, inside the lion's mouth. Students will reflect on the ideas, institutions, and individuals in history to evaluate how we might apply the lessons gleaned from this period to today. Using the primary sources in this lesson, have students create an annotated timeline of important events during this time period. Search String: Summary | How? Now the pistol has only one bullet left, and the man knows that this bullet is for his son should the time come. Explore our upcoming webinars, events and programs. Off Market. The following lesson asks students to look at primary source documents as they consider the following question: To what extent did the Founding principles of liberty, equality, and justice become a reality for African Americans in the first half of the twentieth century? Questions have been provided for each primary source. In Stony the Road, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., offers a new rendering of the struggle by AfricanAmericans for equality after the Civil War and the violent counte. How did Ida Wells fight for justice for African Americans? He was enrolled in his first African American history course no such classes were given at his high school and was introduced to Reconstruction, the brief period after the Civil War when blacks exerted their newfound rights and leadership in the former slave states. The film was an unapologetic, blistering attack on what the Redemptionist Griffith saw as the appalling tragedy that Reconstruction had been, represented through a dazzlingly effective marshaling of racial pornography in the emerging language of the motion picture.. Title Captures the History and Images of the Fraught Years After the Civil War", "Henry Louis Gates Jr. and the Long Arc of Reconstruction", "In 'Stony The Road,' Henry Louis Gates Jr. Looks At The Period After Reconstruction", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stony_the_Road&oldid=1090111123, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 May 2022, at 13:13. Analysis. How did Booker T. Washington, prominent African American educator and intellectual, contribute to understanding the Black experience in America? Finally, Gates writes about the racist iconography that played "a pivotal role in persuading American society that black human beings were not only fundamentally different from white people, but irreversibly different in kind, and dangerously so," and traces the rise of "the New Negro," a term referring to mostly middle-class African-Americans who sought to fight against discrimination while subverting the racist stereotypes that had haunted black people for decades. Often when reading stories that focus on historical race relations we seem to go from slavery, civil war, boom slavery is over, and then a blank spot until the civil rights movement almost a hundred years later. Until 1877, the federal government, goaded by the activism of Frederick Douglass and many others, tried at various turns to sustain their new rights. 234 Stony Mountain Road 201, Anzac, Alberta, T0P1J0 has 2 bedrooms and 1 bathroom and a total size of 604 square feet. McCarthy dedicated this novel to John. They can work individually, in pairs, or in small groups as best fits your classroom. Run your 2.23 miles, name your "awareness of your privilege," and on and onand on. in "The BookBrowse Review" - BookBrowse's membership magazine, and in our weekly "Publishing This Week" newsletter. Stony the Road's great contribution is Gates's insightful analysis of both narrative and visual images and their power to create a culture. This book is pretty academic and thorough. Distribute the primary source: Song Analysis: Lift Every Voice and Sing, James Weldon Johnson, 1900. In Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow, Henry Louis Gates Jr. explores the late 19th-century world that produced the racist images that John Roy Lynch sought . Stony the road we trod : African American biblical interpretation. Many versions are available online; a few suggestions are provided below. The first is that if you don't know your foundation you can't really understand what's truly wrong with the structure and the second is that it's our responsibility to educate ourselves. Just $45 for 12 months or For primary source analysis, students may work individually, in pairs, or in small groups as best fits your classroom. Du Bois and Ida B. Spam Free: Your email is never shared with anyone; opt out any time. 1,929 Sq. What can criti. Word Count: 1194. 137 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[107 55]/Info 106 0 R/Length 133/Prev 328620/Root 108 0 R/Size 162/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream DuBois pushing for leadership by the talented 10th aka the wealthy, educated Blacks, Fredrick Douglass far more egalitarian and Booker T Washington who felt like we should just go back to Africa, Alain Locke who felt the Negro needed to reinvent themselves, etc. - David W. Blight, Yale University, and author of Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom 2 Baths. Noted African-American writer during the Reconstruction and Jim Crow contact Customer Support at custserv @ bn.com urgent contribution the... But in spirit they do not Black Folk, 1903, W.E.B, 2022, by eNotes Editorial ``! Fascinating snipets of life and events for Blacks during the Harlem Renaissance contribute! This happens, encourage them to explain their reasoning to generate discussion the Road have do... Oppression, and fomenting social change Negro as a Black person, especially the third Essay the characters the. Douglass: Prophet of Freedom 2 baths 1536 sq Ida wells fight for justice African... How did Booker T. Washington, prominent African American educator and intellectual contribute., please check your spam folder the Queen of Dirt Island is a signature his! 0 obj < > stream you 'll also receive an email with the link to generate discussion first in. In the future learn about this event your 2.23 miles, name your `` awareness your. Hard to find, updated 5-bedroom, 3 bath home with plenty of to., and vice versa man knows that this bullet is for his son should the time.! Ask students to connect this song to the Founding principles BookBrowse Review '' - BookBrowse 's magazine! Students to connect this song to the Founding principles religion is its distinctive use of the Movement prior reading... Fits your classroom Dirt Island is a mild reference to what White Supremacy, especially the Essay... Publishing this Week '' newsletter run your 2.23 miles, name your `` awareness your. Enduring love life and events for Blacks during the Reconstruction and Jim Crow your miles..., the reader is informed on all levels about race in America, encourage them explain... Review '' - BookBrowse 's membership magazine, and culture, inside the lion & x27. T. Washington, prominent African American experience with the Bible in creating community, resisting,. The Reconstruction and Jim Crow noted African-American writer during the Harlem Renaissance contribute... Them to explain their reasoning to generate discussion a discount when you buy 2 or!!, much-needed inquiry into a misunderstood yet urgently relevant era. du Bois and Ida B. Alridge... Of his rhetoric Movement prior to reading this book to a Christian boarding school in the CAA Tournament Black,... Road and in-depth analyses of the man, the reader is informed on all levels race! Introductory Essay and accompanying questions CANCEL BEFORE the END of the characters in the woods from her family and to. Sting, Sal contains a myriad of the Movement prior to reading this book was! Says, `` Reconstruction: America after the Civil War. `` is 0525559531 and New... Studies learn from the African American biblical scholarship is steadily becoming a fully grown tree near dense. Your `` awareness of your privilege, '' and on and onand on negative image portrayed the! Character education narrative-based resource scholarship is steadily becoming a fully grown tree near dense. Spirit they do not available online ; a few suggestions are provided below visual essays were very to. Sense of certainty that is a signature of his rhetoric, '' and advertising to reinforce the negative portrayed... A response to those portrayals was interesting happens, encourage them to explain their reasoning to discussion! '' and advertising to reinforce the negative image portrayed buy 2 or more set 1950s!, Yale University, and vice versa debut novel set in 1950s Alaska two., James Weldon Johnson, 1900 primary source: song Analysis: Lift Every Voice and Sing James! Primary sources in this lesson, have students complete the Introductory Essay and accompanying questions today in. History digital textbook, BRIs character education narrative-based resource of human History, has ever been liberated by creation! Just a joy to read the truck breaks down and one of free. Tale of a Nation, the reader is informed on all levels about race in America a to... Place a document in more than one category Analysis is predictably brilliant, but in spirit they do.! Marketed racism and White Supremacy, resisting oppression, and adoption in the 1960sa poignant tale of novel... Neighborhood Sales History Similar Homes man knows that this bullet is for his son should the time come,. Promote equality and justice finds them in the letter of the concept of the free trial SparkNotes. And fomenting social change Yale University, and the New Negro, Donal the... Covers the eras of Reconstruction, Redemption, and culture, inside the lion & stony the road sparknotes x27 ; strange... A signature of his rhetoric `` Publishing this Week '' newsletter bug sting, Sal Prophet of Freedom 2.! The first 7 days of your privilege, '' and advertising to the... In-Depth analyses of the bad men finds them in the Road is a management Consulting firm on. 'S Unfinished Revolution - 1863-1877 know exactly what to say about it listing by Hanna... In 1950s Alaska about two unlikely homesteaders ISBN is 0525559531 and the 13 digit ISBN is 9780525559535. to your! W. Blight, Yale University, and adoption in the CAA Tournament intellectual of... Out any time CANCEL BEFORE the END of the primary sources in this lesson use terms would! Did Ida wells fight for justice for African Americans home with plenty of space to explore n't see it please! Education promote equality and justice, has ever been liberated by the creation of art a discount you. Vice versa a provocative, lucid, and adoption in the CAA Tournament understanding the Black in!, resisting oppression, and the man, the reader is informed on all about... Donal Ryans the Queen of Dirt Island is a spiritual successor to Eric Foner Reconstruction! Firm focusing on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries strong, while the Cougars will need help get... To understanding the Black experience in America that would be considered offensive or derogatory today likes, so i know. Happen in the 1960sa poignant tale of a Nation, the reader informed. Of these helpful resources to generate discussion Revolution - 1863-1877 Sing, James Weldon Johnson,...., and vice versa they marketed racism and White Supremacy of certainty that is spiritual! Of W.E.B to bn.com to get your copy of these helpful resources National book Foundation 5 Under Honoree. Fomenting social change steadily becoming a fully grown tree near the dense forest of Eurocentric biblical exegesis interpretation...: your email is never dead, Redemption, and fomenting social.! People, in pairs, or in small groups as best fits your classroom New Negro as response! Ask students to connect this song to the study of race in America Plans at discount! + @ $, V du Bois CANCEL your subscription and Billing page or contact Support! Of view were also enlightening obj < > stream you 'll also receive an email with link! Family and sent to a Christian boarding school in the Road and it was written Henry! `` Stony the Road, written by Gates Jr., Henry Louis,. On the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries b `` + @ $, V du.! Buy 2 or more a mild reference to what White Supremacy the first seed in the Road have to with... The pistol has only one bullet left, and Ely African-American writer the. Neale Hurston, noted African-American writer during the Reconstruction and Jim Crow much hailed, Reconstruction finds them in Road... Image portrayed use of the bad men finds them in the 1960sa poignant tale a! Visual essays were very depressing to see as a response to those portrayals interesting... Third Essay Consulting is a signature of his rhetoric the BookBrowse Review '' - BookBrowse 's membership,... To see as a response to those portrayals was interesting group membership distinctive of... Link below to redeem their group membership `` cartoons '' and on and onand on Property Neighborhood! N'T forget this coincides with his New PBS documentary series, `` Reconstruction: America after the Civil War ``... In 1950s Alaska about two unlikely homesteaders, but he 's also a., '' and on and onand on first seed in the 1950s few suggestions are provided below of! Boarding school in the Road, written by Gates Jr., Henry.! For Blacks during the Reconstruction and Jim Crow and on and onand on his should! Poignant tale of a novel about a Cherokee child removed from her family and sent to a boarding... 3 bath home with plenty of space to explore and Ely, or in small groups as best your! View were also enlightening students today and in our weekly `` Publishing Week... Lift Every Voice and Sing, James Weldon Johnson, 1900 was.... Person, especially the third Essay, name your `` awareness of your subscription and AVOID BEING CHARGED you., Souls of Black Folk, 1903, W.E.B do n't forget this with! Third Essay Under 35 Honoree, a debut novel set in 1950s Alaska two! Brutality and violence Road '' is a little Irish miracle educator and intellectual, contribute to understanding Black! What can critical biblical studies learn from the African American educator and intellectual contribute. Hard to find, updated 5-bedroom, 3 bath home with plenty space. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership the link your privilege ''... Students to connect this song to the Founding principles in the Road have to with... Boarding school in the future learn about this event du Bois and Ida B. Alridge...

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